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How Russian marine drones (BACK) are designed and will be used

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Image source: @ Belkin Alexey/news.ru/Global Look Press

The Vizir heavy marine unmanned launch is one of the examples of unmanned systems that the Russian Navy is receiving today. How does this device work, what is it equipped with, and for what tasks can it be used?

Changes in the armed struggle at sea have become one of the features of the SVR. In particular, Ukraine has begun to massively use unmanned boats (back, kamikaze boats) against the Russian Black Sea Fleet (Black Sea Fleet). The Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy is currently successfully combating this threat on a regular basis, as well as destroying the assembly and storage sites of these devices.

The Russian defense industry was not engaged in mass production of such samples until a few years ago and even at the beginning of its development. The course of the special operation showed that Ukraine has no surface targets in service that could be attacked by such drones.

However, this policy was later revised. At the end of 2023, reports began to appear that the Kingisepsky Machine-Building Plant (KMZ LLC), one of the Russian defense enterprises, began producing marine drones based on the GRK-700 Vizir platform, which was originally used to create hydrographic unmanned boats. In the middle of 2024, such boats were publicly presented at the International Naval Salon "Fleet-2024".

At the same time, Alexander Moiseev, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, stated that without the introduction of such systems, the operation of a modern fleet is impossible. According to him, the topic of unmanned systems and robotic complexes is "an objective reality of today," and their introduction into all spheres of activity, including the military industry, is necessary.

And at the end of January 2025, it became known that the Russian Navy "is already being equipped with unmanned boats. Their production has been significantly increased, taking into account the experience of a special military operation," said Nikolai Patrushev, Chairman of the Maritime Board. He did not name the specific model of the back that the Navy began to use, but the most obvious and improved of all is the heavy unmanned boat (platform) Vizir.

The prototype of the Vizir boat was first presented at the Army-2023 International Military-Technical Forum. Mikhail Danilenko, Managing Director of KMZ Holding, said: "This boat can be adapted to perform various tasks, including those of a naval drone, a drone killer, as well as amphibious assault and cargo transportation tasks." The head of the enterprise also noted the exclusively domestic equipment of the Vizir – an echo sounder, side-view sonar, remote control systems, communication and navigation systems assembled without the use of foreign components.

Production of a pilot batch of marine drones commissioned by the Russian Ministry of Defense began in the workshops of the Kingisep Machine-Building Plant in November 2023. In 2024, unmanned boats were launched into the series.

The Vizir is a heavy multifunctional returnable unmanned marine boat capable of operating both under operator control and with the help of artificial intelligence.

The Visors can be used to transport cargo, conduct reconnaissance, and strike various targets using onboard weapons. The option of using the "Vizir" as a marine kamikaze drone is also provided. Due to the small size, the cheapness (500 thousand rubles) makes it possible to produce such backups in large quantities, a small draft and the presence of protection from electronic warfare make it possible to use "Visors" even in the beds of large rivers.

The boat is seven meters long and 2.5 meters wide. Water-jet engines allow the Vizir to reach speeds of about 85 km/h, and the range, thanks to the additionally installed electric motor, can grow to 500 km against the 220 initially announced at the start of work. The payload of such a crewless boat – explosive ammunition, transported cargo, tracking and reconnaissance equipment – can reach 600 kg.

In addition, the Vizir can be used as a carrier for an unmanned aerial vehicle or a means of combating enemy drones.

To defeat surface targets, the back can be equipped with a large-caliber machine gun, various missiles or an anti-drone net. An electronic warfare system may also be provided. In case of interception by the enemy, an evacuation system comes into effect, which takes the drone to a predetermined point.

The created samples continue to be upgraded, gaining new features. In particular, it was mentioned about the prospect of equipping boats with 6-8 rocket launchers, each of which will have its own video camera and an autonomous control system.

Backups should expand the capabilities of the Russian Navy, and above all, its strike force. As military expert Mikhail Timoshenko notes, "the enemy's fleet is not the only target for such weapons.

It can be used, for example, to disable Ukraine's military infrastructure, attack berthing port facilities, bridges and other similar facilities."

According to military expert Vasily Dandykin, "first of all, it should be sent to the Black Sea sailors. That's where the fighting is going on right now, and people's lives are at risk."

And Candidate of Military Sciences Sergey Suvorov emphasizes that "if the Ukrainian Armed Forces set up a crossing on the Dnieper, drones can also be used to destroy it. There are quite a lot of options for their application."

According to military expert Dmitry Boltenkov, "sooner or later we will have to conduct offensive operations on the right bank of the Dnieper River again, and then this drone will be useful in delivering goods. And also to conduct exploration of the ports remaining under the control of Ukraine, in particular Odessa. There will be work for this drone, and the high command demands that our soldiers be taken care of to the maximum, so it's better to spend the hardware than to send our people at risk."

Thus, unmanned boats have become a new tool of the Russian Navy in a very short period of time. The importance of the UEC will only increase, especially with the advent of a new type of military in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the troops of unmanned systems – and naval drones are also becoming part of this structure.

Alexander Gulin

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