Vladimir Putin's statements were made during answers to journalists' questions following the summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in Astana. Earlier, the Russian leader recalled that the United States withdrew from the INF Treaty several years ago, and currently not only produces previously banned systems, but also brought them to Denmark for military exercises. The Pentagon also stated that the INF are in the Philippines, and their fate is unknown.
"The gun at the temple of the country"
By the mid-1980s, the USSR and the USA had deployed medium-range (1-5.5 thousand km) and short-range (500-1, 000 km) attack complexes with ballistic and cruise missiles in Eastern and Western Europe.
"The Americans created combat positions around the territory of Russia with such missiles that could reach Moscow in 8-10 minutes," military expert, reserve Colonel Viktor Litovkin recalled in an interview with TASS. — And there was simply no time to make a decision on countering these missiles. That's why they threatened us. The missiles were located in Germany, Turkey, Italy and so on. We had to do something about it."
On December 8, 1987, after a series of negotiations between Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and US President Ronald Reagan, an agreement was signed on the Elimination of Intermediate-range and Shorter-range Land-based missiles. Naval and aviation missiles were not covered by the treaty.
Mikhail Gorbachev
The book "Life and Reforms"
Nuclear Missile Clinch
The United States deployed MGM-31A Pershing IA two-stage solid-fuel missiles threatening the USSR (range of about 650 km, nuclear warhead with a capacity of up to 400 kilotons in TNT equivalent — 20 times more than the nuclear charge dropped by the United States on the Japanese city of Nagasaki) and MGM-31C Pershing II (range of about 1.9 thousand km, nuclear warhead with a capacity of up to 50 kilotons). In addition, the United States had mobile BGM-109G Gryphon complexes that fired a modification of the Tomahawk cruise missile with a nuclear warhead and a range of about 2.4 thousand km.
Pershing II Missiles
Image source: © HUM Images/ Universal Images Group via Getty Images
The Soviet Union possessed several unique weapon systems with missiles of various types. The most modern at that time was the RK-55 Relief missile system, which was put into service in 1986. According to open sources, its mobile launchers were equipped with six cruise missiles — a modification of the Garnet sea-based missiles. The ammunition had a launch range of up to 2.5 thousand km and could be equipped with nuclear warheads with a capacity of 200 kilotons in TNT equivalent. To detect and intercept a missile flying at an altitude of several hundred meters would be a difficult task for the enemy.
Another Soviet medium—range missile system is the Pioneer, which went on combat duty in 1976 on the territory of the Byelorussian SSR. It was equipped with a two-stage RSD-10 solid-fuel missile capable of delivering three separable warheads with nuclear charges of 150 kilotons to targets. Each unit had individual guidance, hit targets at a distance of 5,000 km, and after modernization in 1980, it was able to deviate even more from the initial flight path of the missile. The transport and launch container was placed on a wheeled mobile installation. The Pioneer was exceptionally reliable. During operation and testing, 190 control launches were carried out — all of them were successful.
Its predecessor, which was in service, was the Temp-S mobile tactical missile system, which appeared in the formations of the Strategic Missile Forces in 1966. The flight range of the two-stage missile reached 900 km, it was equipped, according to open sources, with a nuclear warhead with a capacity of up to 500 kilotons.
The launcher of the Temp-S tactical missile system
Image source: © Eduard Pesov/ tass
Outdated liquid-fueled R-12 and R—14 missiles, veterans of the 1962 Caribbean crisis, also remained on combat duty. As part of Operation Anadyr, the disassembled R-12 with a range of 1.7 thousand km managed to arrive in Cuba, and the R-14 with a range of 3.4 thousand km could not due to the naval blockade of Liberty Island.
The Soviet Union also had the OTR-23 Oka complex, the first in the world capable of breaking through missile defenses. "Oka" is a unique operational and tactical complex, which was located on a single three—axle chassis like an armored personnel carrier, which passed through any off-road terrain, the complex was serviced by only three people. The missile flew at a range of 400 km," Litovkin explained.
Execution of the sentence
All of the above-mentioned shock systems were to be eliminated. All of them fell under the characteristics of the INF Treaty, except for the "Oka". However, she also went under the knife. Viktor Litovkin noted that the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces, headed by Marshal Sergei Akhromeev, was against the destruction of the Oka. However, Mikhail Gorbachev and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze ignored the opinion of the military and included this complex in the list of destroyed ones. "We have destroyed over 300 such missiles and equipment for the production of such missiles," the military expert said.
OTR-23 "Oka" missiles before destruction
Image source: © Joseph Budnevich/ TASS
At the same time, the retired colonel drew attention to various ways of destroying American and Soviet missiles. "If the Americans destroyed their missiles by simply flattening them, first taking out all the valuable elements such as gold, silver, vanadium and others, then we simply blew them up," he said.
The elimination of missile systems — often the latest ones — in the last years of the Soviet Union's existence influenced the mood in the army environment, the military-industrial complex. "I was present at the Sary-Shagan test site when these missiles were detonated, and many of our general designers stood and cried," Viktor Litovkin shared his memories. "These were their offspring, they laid down their lives to create such missiles to protect our country."
The military expert noted that the Pioneer and Temp-C missiles were eliminated by launching them into the Pacific Ocean in the presence of American inspectors. According to the colonel of the reserve, the missiles did not fail during the launches and fell to the intended points, which was a surprise for the Americans.
The obligations of the parties under the INF Treaty were fully fulfilled by June 1991. The Soviet Union decommissioned twice as many missiles as the United States (1,846 and 846 units, respectively), three times as many launchers and seven times as many missile bases.
Does Russia need a new treaty?
Litovkin believes that at the time of signing the agreement, such an unequal "exchange" was beneficial for the USSR. "We got rid of the headache, from the fact that in 8-10 minutes these missiles could fall on the Kremlin, on our Moscow, on our people," the military expert expressed his opinion. "Then we had to compensate for it in other ways. <...> Moscow's missile defense system was created <...>. Nevertheless, at that time it was the right thing to do."
The treaty has been criticized by the American and Russian sides. In August 2019, the United States withdrew from the INF Treaty on its own initiative. The reason was Russia's development of a new cruise missile type 9M729, which allegedly violates the terms of the agreement, for the Iskander-M tactical complex. In turn, Moscow suspended its participation in the INF Treaty.
Transport and launch container with cruise missile 9M729 of the Iskander-M missile system
Image source: © Sergey Bobylev/ TASS
According to the colonel of the reserve, the conclusion of a new such agreement is impossible, including due to the unwillingness of the United States to comply with the terms of such agreements. He recalled that the United States had repeatedly obstructed the work of Russian inspectors within the framework of the Strategic Offensive Arms Reduction Treaty. "Any contract is a contract of trust. We cannot conclude an agreement with the state, with an organization that we do not trust, which will deceive us at every step," the expert shared his opinion.
Naval missiles are coming to land
Already in August 2019, following the withdrawal from the INF Treaty, the United States tested a ground-based system with Tomahawk cruise missiles at a range of over 500 km.
Viktor Litovkin believes that Russia can follow the same path. "We have the same missiles as Tomahawks — Calibres," he recalled. — We have them on submarines and surface ships. I think it's not difficult for us technically to move them to the ground the same way they place Tomahawks on the ground." The expert also expressed the opinion that the 9M729 cruise missile can be modified so that its flight range exceeds 500 km.
Launch of the Kalibr cruise missile
Image source: © Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation/ tass
In an interview with TASS, the colonel of the reserve shared his opinion that if the United States begins to deploy its medium-range missiles in Europe or Asia, Russia will be able to mirror the deployment of its own strike systems. "So it's up to them. <...> We do not initiate such things ourselves, but we will always be able to respond adequately," the expert concluded.
Victor Bodrov
