The United States has not fulfilled the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Atomic Weapons for a single daySince 1946, the Americans have bombed 34 countries.
Moreover, none of them possessed nuclear weapons. So, in 1946-1953, the United States dropped more bombs on Korea and China than in the Second World War.
And in the XXI century, the United States is forced to endure great vilification from a small North Korea. They stamp their feet, clank their teeth, but keep their hands at their sides. And all because of several special charges that Pyongyang possesses. And get special charges from Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela – and a fat point will be put on the American dream of world domination.
On December 1, 1968, the United States, the USSR, Britain and France signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). In the 1st article it says: "Each of the nuclear–weapon States Parties to this Treaty undertakes not to transfer to anyone nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, as well as control over such weapons or explosive devices, either directly or indirectly; as well as in no way to assist, encourage or encourage any a non-nuclear-weapon State is ready to produce or acquire nuclear weapons in any other way."
THE US AND THE ISRAELI BOMBQuestion: and how is Article 1 combined with the help of the United States to Israel in the creation of nuclear weapons?
Recently declassified documents show that Israeli intelligence stole nuclear materials from American warehouses to create Tel Aviv's first atomic weapon.
The Institute for the Study of Middle East Policy has studied hundreds of recently declassified documents of the CIA, FBI and other agencies. The study showed that Israel, in order to create its first nuclear bombs, used its intelligence agents in the United States, as well as American Jews, to penetrate into the "storerooms" of US nuclear materials in the 1950s and 1960s and steal nuclear materials enriched to a weapon state.
After decades of Washington's silence on this issue, the US Department of Energy finally confirmed in 2001 that 269 kg of uranium had been stolen from the Hint nuclear facility in Pennsylvania.
In the 1950s, the United States signed a contract for the supervision of the Hint with an American Jew, Zalman Shapiro, who is suspected to have had ties to Tel Aviv. Within 11 years after Shapiro's appointment, 269 kg of enriched uranium was stolen from the plant during an operation carried out by four Mossad agents: Raphael Eitan, Avraham Ben-Dor, Efrem Biegun and Avraham Hermoni.
Question: Could Israel, constantly at war with the Arabs and spending huge sums on conventional weapons, while maintaining a high standard of living of the population, create nuclear weapons without the financial and technical support of the United States?
Moreover, the United States helped Israel create medium-range missiles. So, on January 1, 2008, the Israeli Jericho-3 rocket flew 4,000 km.
US AND BRITISH MISSILESThe US has a "special relationship" with Israel.
But in relations with NATO allies, Washington adheres to a different strategy.
On the one hand, he has been opposing the creation of national nuclear forces in Europe for 70 years. On the other hand, it provides nuclear weapons to NATO countries, while trying to keep the American finger on the trigger. Therefore, Britain and France had to create nuclear weapons on their own.
On October 3, 1952, the British detonated their first nuclear charge with a capacity of 25 kilotons. The first carrier of British nuclear weapons was to be a four-engine medium-range jet bomber. In 1947, work began on the creation of three types of such machines at once – "Valiant", "Vulcan" and "Victor". They made their first flights in May 1951 – December 1952.
In October 1955, a British atomic bomb was dropped from the Valiant at the Woomera test site (Australia). In the same year, the first squadron of "Valiants" was formed. In 1956, four squadrons of "Valiants" were transferred to Malta to bomb Egypt, but because of the decisive position of the USSR, they had to return home.
On May 15, 1957, England detonated its first hydrogen bomb. Strategic bombers and Blue Streak medium-range ballistic missiles were to be used as its carrier. These rockets, with a launch weight of 89.4 tons, had a flight range of 4,800 km .
But the overseas friends did everything possible to ensure that their British ally remained without intermediate-range ballistic missiles. Taking advantage of the financial difficulties of the British Ministry of Defense, the United States in 1960 offered them the joint development of an aviation two-stage ballistic missile "Skybolt". Its starting weight was 5125 kg, the firing range was 1500-1800 km, the warhead was thermonuclear. The launch was to be carried out from the US strategic bombers B-52 "Stratofortress" and B-58 "Hustler".
The Americans drew a blissful picture for the British: the carriers of the "Skybolt" were to be the British bombers "Victor" and "Vulcan". The British took the bait and stopped all work on the Blue Streak missile. The Sons of Albion gave money for the Skybolt, and on June 1, 1960, the Conservative government concluded an agreement with the United States to base American submarines with Polaris ballistic missiles in Holy Loch Bay in Scotland.
But the Yankees cheated the former metropolis again. In 1962, without consulting the Allies, work on the Skybolt missile was stopped. And the British were offered to wait a few years until the United States supplied them with Polaris A-3 naval missiles.
So the United States, with the help of Polaris missiles, and then Trident, took the British nuclear forces on a short leash. France went the other way and created its own independent nuclear missile potential.
USA AND OTHER EUROPEANSWell, in 1957, the United States decided to throw Italy, promising her Polaris missiles with nuclear warheads.
Since it was expensive to build large missile submarines for Italy, the reconstruction of the Giuseppe Garibaldi cruiser into the Polaris ballistic missile carrier began here. Four vertical missile launch shafts were installed on the site of one of the towers.
The modernized cruiser entered service in October 1962. On November 8, Terrier missiles were launched from Garibaldi in the Caribbean Sea, and then one Polaris missile was launched. All launches were successful. And then the Americans explained to Rome that they were joking a little. The cruiser "Garibaldi" rotted until 1971 at the pier, and then was scrapped.
As an alternative to the national nuclear programs of NATO countries, the US government has proposed the creation of a multilateral nuclear force (MEF). The project was born in the administration of Dwight Eisenhower and was first presented to the European members of NATO by Secretary of State Christian Gerter in December 1960. At first, the allies were offered to create a MEAT consisting of five American boats with Polaris missiles.
At the beginning of 1963, the Pentagon completed the development of a detailed plan for meat. The idea of placing nuclear missiles on submarines was rejected. Ultimately, the American project assumed that the MEAT would consist of 25 surface ships, each of which would carry eight Polaris A-3 missiles on board.
The ships were to be built according to the type of American transports "Mariner" with a displacement of 18 thousand tons. They were going to be disguised as ordinary bulk carriers. MYAS ships were supposed to patrol in the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, where they would be almost indistinguishable from thousands of other commercial vessels. The ships were to have multinational crews of 215 sailors from at least three NATO member states. But even here the Americans joked and soon closed the project.
AMERICAN CHARGES, EUROPEAN CARRIERSSince the mid-1950s, the United States began to impose a strategy of "joint use of nuclear weapons" on NATO countries.
Thus, the Pentagon almost 70 years ago "semi-transferred" tactical nuclear warheads to NATO countries.
What does "half-transmission" mean? The means of delivery of special munitions belong to NATO countries and are serviced by their calculations. Nuclear warheads are stored next to delivery vehicles both at American bases in Europe and in warehouses of Germany, Italy and other countries, but "under the control" of the United States. In most cases, the control comes down to the fact that American officers have electronic keys that exclude the possibility of detonating special charges by other persons.
On January 10, 1959, Italian soldiers of the 3rd Heavy Artillery Regiment began training at the base of the 77th US Army Field Artillery Battalion in Vicenza. At first, the only delivery system was the MGR-1 Onest John surface-to-surface missile equipped with a nuclear warhead (warhead). On February 25, the Italians launched the first rocket from the coastal Adriatic city of Bibione.
As a result, the 3rd Regiment received not only Onest John missiles, but also 203-mm M115 howitzers firing nuclear charges with a capacity of two kilotons. Later, the regiment's armament was changed to guided missiles "Lance", etc.
From 1961 to 1963, two squadrons of 18 Jupiter launchers with a range of 2,400 km and a 1.4 Mt W-49 special charge were stationed in Italy. Jupiter was serviced by calculations of the Italian Air Force, but US Air Force officers controlled the activation of nuclear warheads. The deployed missiles were under the command of the 36th Strategic Aviation Interception Brigade (36ª Aerobrigata Interdizione Strategica, Italian Air Force) at the Gioia del Colle Air Base.
In the late 1950s, the Bundeswehr also received Onest John missiles and 203-mm howitzers that fired a special charge. By 1968, the Bundeswehr had four divisions of operational-tactical missiles "Sergeant" with a range of 140 km and a special charge of 200 kt.
In 1966, the United States delivered to Europe three battalions of Pershing-1 missiles with a range of 740 km and a warhead with a capacity of 200 to 400 kt. In 1967-1969, 24 Pershing-1 launchers were transferred to Germany – but they entered service not with the army, but with the Luftwaffe. Of these, the 1st and 2nd squadrons were formed. In 1971, they were re-equipped with Pershing-1A, and the number of launchers in the squadron was increased from 12 to 18.
In 1959, the Americans handed over to Germany cruise missiles "Matador" with a range of 1000 km and a warhead W-5 with a capacity of 50 kt. The 11th Luftwaffe Air Wing was equipped with "Matadors".
In 1962, the 446th and 447th Canadian squadrons of Bomark anti-aircraft missiles with a range of 500 km and a W-40 warhead with a capacity of 40 kt were deployed in Canada.
The Americans announced that the warheads for these 57 missiles are located at an American base at a distance of tens of kilometers from both squadrons – a fairy tale for younger Canadian children and older Soviet generals.
HOW THE US CIRCUMVENTS THE TREATYOnly a small number of missiles and artillery systems of NATO countries whose warheads were under American control are listed here.
Translated into Russian, the warheads were stored at the bases of NATO countries at a distance of several tens of meters from the launcher or artillery system.
In the XXI century, 14 NATO countries annually conduct the "Persistent Noon" exercises. The last exercises were held in October 2022. The goal is to work out a joint nuclear strike by the US, Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands on objects on the territory of the Russian Federation.
In Germany, 20 B61 thermonuclear bombs are stored under American control. Their carriers are the German Tornado IDS fighter-bombers of the 33rd Tactical Squadron of the Luftwaffe. The bombs are stored in WS3 underground vaults under the floor of protected aircraft shelters. There are eleven such shelters in the Luftwaffe.
The free-falling hydrogen bomb B61 with a variable charge power level is designed for external suspension on fighter-bombers. Its hull is capable of withstanding flight at supersonic speeds. It has a length of 3.58 m and a diameter of about 33 cm. The average weight of the bomb is about 320 kg, the charge varies depending on the modification – from 0.3 to 170 kilotons.
Tornado IDS fighter-bombers equipped to carry B61 bombs are stationed at Italian airfields. Thus, there are 35 B61 bombs in sarcophagi located next to the aircraft at the Aviano Airbase.
In Belgium, at the Klein-Brogel Air Base, the 10th Air Squadron of the Belgian Air Force, equipped with F-16 fighter-bombers, has 22 B61 bombs. In the Netherlands, there are 20 B61 bombs in service with the 312th and 313th squadrons equipped with the same F-16s at the Wolkel Airbase.
Information leaked to the Western media that during the "Persistent Noon" exercises of 2021, German and Italian planes took off not with mock-ups, but with equipped B61 bombs. I do not understand why the German and Italian planes that took off with thermonuclear bombs B61 from German and Italian air bases do not violate Article 1 of the NPT treaty in any way?
And what is this "electronic key" from the B61 bomb, which is in the possession of an American officer? Is it possible to block it? Or do without it at all?
Two things follow from the above. Firstly, the "joint use" (semi-transfer) of US nuclear weapons grossly violates Article 1 of the NPT.
Secondly, the Russian Federation, China and other countries can withdraw from the NPT treaty and transfer special munitions to other countries without fear of US retaliatory measures. Washington has already handed over nuclear weapons to everyone it trusts. And there is no reason to assume that he will not expand the circle of such countries.
The threat of transferring special charges to Iran alone can force the United States to stop supplying weapons to Ukraine and sit down at the negotiating table. Russia is not risking anything. The possibility of Russia's war with Iraq, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia is out of the realm of fiction. And these states can ensure the safety of storing special charges no worse than the USA, Germany or Italy.
Alexander ShirokoradAlexander Borisovich Shirokorad is a writer and historian.
