The creation of high-tech weapons is possible only on the basis of solid-state technologies
Laser weapons are firmly established in real life and their first use in the war of Argentina and England for the Falkland Islands, when the simplest LO was used to blind the enemy, was just the beginning. The development and creation of inefficient and very expensive laser monsters on gas-dynamic and chemical bases in the United States and on electric-discharge, gas-dynamic and chemical bases in the USSR became the next stage in the development of the laser weapons epic.
Then there were spectacular, but not effective, LO demonstrations at the Farnborough International Airshow and for the fight against drones in the Persian Gulf. It is clear that in order for lasers to become a serious weapon, it is necessary to significantly reduce the size of the complexes, increase their efficiency and increase the output energy.
Laser "toys" with a power of up to 60 kilowatts in a dense and humid air environment for use in power mode are ineffective. But even at the giga / terawatt level, pulses with the nano/micro-joule energy of a single ultrashort pulse impact will not be a panacea. Both the energy sector and its peak capacity are important. The mechanisms of the functional effect of LO are well studied, there is a niche for its application, and the transition to the creation of a high-frequency pulse-periodic (I-P) mode is not accidental. And yet these are only cautious attempts to understand what to work with. Research in the field of combat lasers is already at the level where in the fairly near future it is possible to create a significant means of defeating the enemy.
The path is long and expensive
Strategic and tactical LAW – a new paradigm for the development of weapons, tactics and strategies for their use. It acts instantly and in a straight line, does not require the calculation of ballistics. This means that in the upper atmosphere, and even more so in space, where there is practically no absorption and scattering of radiation, lasers will determine a lot, if not everything, in the strategy and tactics of armed struggle.
The world will begin to learn about this at the end of 2022, when the United States will partially equip military aircraft (and not only) with a compact and light tactical LO, capable of operating in power and functional modes for tens and hundreds of kilometers. At the next stage, when strategic lasers are launched into space, and this will inevitably happen through the efforts of the Pentagon, the true price of the new weapon will become well understood.
In this regard, the American program "Self – defense based on a high – energy laser" - SHiELD (Self-protect High Energy Laser Demonstrator) is of interest) about the creation of a fifth-or sixth-generation fighter with a laser on board for defense against air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. For the company Northrop Grumman-the design of the laser beam control system, and the development of the laser itself went to Lockheed Martin. Boeing has been tasked with integrating the entire weapon system into a single SHiELD complex.
“ The country needs another center that is engaged in the creation of combat laser systems ”
The program was developed in stages: on the basis of fiber lasers with the spectral addition of radiation from single sources, solid-state systems with an average power of 30 kilowatts were created, then 60 and even 150.
The choice of a fiber device as a single element of power addition is determined by its high radiation quality, compactness and low weight characteristics. Today, the weight factor is increased to 5 kg / kW, including the weight of the laser, the power supply, the excess heat removal system, and the platform that carries the complex as a whole.
Lockheed Martin plans to increase this factor to 2 kg / kW, which means that the 10-megawatt LO complex will weigh only 20 tons. This is promising for the development of strategic laser weapons. The technology of the created prototype system of 300 kilowatts with a total weight of only 600 kilograms has already been developed. For comparison, I note that in gas, chemical and steam-based lasers, which have already been abandoned in the United States (COIL, GDL, HF/DF, alkali metal vapors), the weight factor is in the range of 200-400 kg/kW, which means that a megawatt LO complex will hardly fit in a heavy aircraft carrier. And to achieve air supremacy, it is necessary to equip serial combat aircraft with light and compact tactical air defense systems weighing within a few hundred kilograms.
The weight factor is of particular importance when equipping spacecraft with lasers, and this issue is already on the Pentagon's agenda. It is necessary to create laser complexes with an output power of several tens of megawatts. Therefore, the LAW on the basis of advanced solid-state technology allows us to look to the future with confidence and we can talk about the creation of the entire complex of laser weapons that meet the requirements of the Russian Armed Forces. Nevertheless, the technology of adding up the radiation of fiber lasers for a number of reasons is suitable only for tactical LO with a power of up to 500 kilowatts.
Difficulties of addition
There is another solid – state laser-disk. The idea of Academician Nikolai Basov is already 54 years old, but it seems that this rule of building high-power laser systems will be dominant for a long time. With the same very favorable weight factor of less than 5 kg / kW, this design principle allows the implementation of a high-energy high-frequency I-P mode, since the aperture of an existing disk laser has a diameter of about 1.5 centimeters, which is significantly larger than the diameter of the active body of a fiber laser. To increase the average power of the system, several disks are added to the optical sequence ZIG-ZAG, the value of the average power of such a module is already 50 kilowatts. Modules, as in the case of fiber systems, can be built in parallel and the power is added to the target. Based on these figures, it can be seen that a 100-kilowatt laser will weigh less than 500 kilograms! The parallel addition of the modules leads to an increase in the total aperture and, consequently, to the possibility of increasing the pulse energy in a high-frequency periodic sequence, which qualitatively changes the interaction mechanism, allowing us to obtain new effects on the target. It should be noted that the LO complexes of significantly higher average power are needed to perform the tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. But from the disk geometry of modules with a capacity of even 75 kilowatts (this increase is planned due to the quality of reflective coatings) to the power level of the entire system of about 10 megawatts – a giant distance. It is not possible to combine the power of more than a hundred modules in a single beam in a mobile complex.
How to zoom in
Photo: warfiles.ru
Photo: Obviously, we need a different design scheme for a solid-state complex, which allows scaling its average power while maintaining the weight factor. Much is already clear today. First of all, it is impossible to create light laser systems based on chemical, gas and steam bases. The technology of tactical complexes already worked out in the United States is based on a fiber type of laser, the research of which began in Russia, later they were developed and patented in the United States by an emigrant from the Russian Federation. Now fiber devices are produced in the United States, Germany and Russia. We copy the technology of creating tactical LO and the technology of spectral addition of fiber laser radiation, while using imported element base for a small level of medium power, selectively allowed by the US State Department for export. On this basis, it is impossible to fully equip the Russian Armed Forces with high-energy tactical complexes.
Fiber high-energy lasers, due to physical limitations, cannot be high-frequency I-P with a large average power, and the spectral composition of the radiation of compact and light weapons systems is limited by the tactical power level. This is the limitation of this technology: not only the strategic level of power, but also many new effective applications based on it are physically unattainable.
The core geometry of the active element of the laser, as well as the" slab " (in the form of a plate) geometry, also does not allow to overcome the tactical level of the final laser complex based on solid-state technology. At the same time, these geometries of the active element of the laser lead to a significant weight and dimensions of the device with a low level of reliability.
The basis of the combat laser is the module
The only promising approach to creating a line of solid-state complexes from the tactical to the strategic level today is the monomodule technology proposed in Russia. It is obvious that the new aviation laser product under the SHiELD program will be able not only to protect against a missile attack, but also to become a threat to enemy military equipment and aircraft. Laser radiation is significantly absorbed and dispersed in desert conditions, where many tests of tactical complexes for combating drones have been conducted. It is known that the power of the beam falls three times at each subsequent mile of the distance. And this complicates the use of lasers at high humidity. But it does not follow that the law is inefficient in principle. It is necessary to increase the power of the source and go to a higher level of average power, to other time modes of the generated radiation.
In addition to destroying drones, there are other military tasks – for example, the use of lasers in the upper atmosphere. At altitudes of seven to nine kilometers, the environment is more transparent and the target ranges for destroying aircraft, even for a power level of 100-150 kilowatts, can reach tens of kilometers. And if we are talking about megawatt tessiturs, then scientists from the United States and the USSR experimentally proved the reality of the range of active operation of the LO up to one hundred kilometers. Another thing is that all this is a tactical range and it is necessary to increase the average power of the LO to achieve a strategic level of a thousand kilometers or more with the strictest control of the weight and size of the device. Hence the conclusion: it is the fiber and disk geometries of the active element of the laser that determine the future of the LU for almost all branches of the armed forces.
Space as a battlefield
Let's think about the space tasks of combat lasers. There is practically no air and water vapor in the orbit, which means that there is no absorption and scattering of radiation and fluctuations in the density of the medium. In this case, the usual adaptive optics are not needed. Only the optical quality of the generated radiation will be required, and hence the quality of static power optics made of silicon carbide, which was first implemented for this purpose up to a meter-sized mirror in Russia.
However, difficulties are added, such as the release of excess heat (the efficiency of the laser is far from 100 percent) and the accuracy of targeting at strategic ranges. Next, a large-scale laser complex of megawatt power must be managed to put into space. Americans focus on solid-state technology, which allows you to provide a weight factor of LO at or less than 5 kg/kW. And here, the combat complex "Peresvet", which was not created using the solid-state technology of the working body of the laser, will have difficulties in maintaining the optimal weight and dimensions of the final system in the further development of the project.
Recall that the technologies of chemical, gas and alkali metal vapor lasers rejected by the Americans do not provide the implementation of the weight factor at a level of less than 5 kg/kW, since it goes into the range of values of 200-400 kg/kW. This means that the strategic laser system, built on outdated physical principles, is so heavy and cumbersome that it is really only suitable for use on earth.
We must also keep in mind the task of the first stage set by the US KNSH, which refers to the installation of tactical complexes with a capacity of 100-150 kilowatts on the AIRCRAFT by the end of 2022. Such a LO based on solid-state technology with a weight factor of 5 kg / kW will weigh significantly less than a ton. At the same time, lasers with a power of 100 kilowatts on the old physical principles would weigh about 20 tons. And this, if we evaluate it very optimistically. It is clear that with such complexes, it is impossible to win the fight for air, and at the second stage for space.
Wounded – not killed
The functional defeat of the target is said when, due to the limited energy reserve, it is impossible to provide the required power density for a power defeat. It is necessary to strive for the creation of a law that ensures the guaranteed destruction of enemy equipment. For example, an impulse cuts off the wing of an airplane or a CR, and they cease to function. With significantly lower energy, only functional damage is possible. For example, the rocket's laser damaged the guidance system. But it continues to fly, and in this case, there is no certainty that the KR will not be able to destroy the object of attack. Thus, the functional defeat of the target is good when power is objectively impossible with a lack of average laser radiation power at a given distance. And this means that the developers of the LO need to think about a light and compact strategic weapon that can destroy objects in the power mode, that is, always have a reserve of energy in the beam.
It should be noted that not all solid-state technologies are equally effective. The core geometry of the active element in relation to large average capacities of complexes is finally forgotten. The geometry of the "slab" is significantly limited by the output power level of a single module. It is about the same with fiber technology. A further increase in the average power of the LO is then possible due to the spectral addition of the radiation of individual modules.
Simple summation of radiations (purely geometric) is inefficient for a number of reasons. Attempts at spectral addition of "fiber" in the United States led to the creation of a prototype LO with an average power of 300 kilowatts. The limitations of this approach in terms of further scaling of the average power are convincingly shown.
The only correct direction for solid-state technology is to obtain a single laser beam of radiation in a single resonator with a large-diameter disk active element. In the approach we developed in 2013 to solve the scaling problem, it is possible to increase the average power of the LO complex to tens of megawatts of average power. In the high-frequency I-P mode, the peak power of the pulse sequence can be increased by orders of magnitude. And this is exactly the goal that the creators of LO have been striving for and are striving for all over the world. And only in this way can the problems of the Armed Forces of the Russian Defense Ministry be solved both in power and in functional modes.
Simultaneously with the increase in the energy contribution to the target in the high-frequency I-P mode, the impact on the target is additionally achieved by a number of factors: a wide spectrum of the light field, electromagnetic radiation, giant currents and the strongest sound field (up to 20 percent of the laser energy can go into sound). Thus, the possibilities of complex impact on targets are significantly expanded. At the same time, all these factors occur on the target surface, and the radiation is delivered to the object at a small size in comparison with the existing traditional EW telescope (antenna).
Monopoly harms competition
In the Russian Federation, there is a monopoly on the creation of tactical and strategic law, and as you know, monopolists do not tolerate competition. For comparison: in the United States, Lockheed Martin, Textron, No Drop Grumman, Boeing, Raytheon, General Atomics and other companies are working on the creation of high-energy weapons. We also need to create at least one more center that deals with fiber-based lasers, as well as on the basis of monomodular disk geometry and high-frequency I-P generation mode. Unjustifiably little attention is paid to the development of the element base of promising types of solid-state weapons, which, when creating strategic, and therefore the entire line of tactical lasers based on monomodule disk geometry, will not quickly equip the Russian army with modern and promising high-tech weapons.
Viktor Apollonov, Head of the Department "Powerful Lasers" of the Prokhorov Institute of General Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The newspaper "Military-industrial Courier", published in issue No. 11 (874) for March 30, 2021
