CST-100 Starliner Manned Spacecraft
Image source: © AP Photo/ John Raoux
Mikhail Kotov — about the difficult fate of the American manned spacecraft
The launch to the International Space Station (ISS) of Boeing Corporation's first manned CST-100 Starliner spacecraft, which was scheduled for May 6 and subsequently postponed, will now take place no earlier than May 10. In fact, this is just one small postponement in a series of long cancellations and date changes plaguing this ship.
A ship to replace the shuttle
In 2010, Boeing took care of the creation of a new manned spacecraft. Even then it was clear that the Space Shuttle program was slowly living out its last months, and there was actually nothing to replace it with. By that time, the launch price had grown to an exorbitant $420 million even for the NASA budget, and the total costs reached $ 400 billion, which is four times more than expected when the program was created.
Space shuttles, which turned out to be too expensive, were becoming a thing of the past, and an unpleasant conversation with Russian colleagues loomed ahead. NASA did not have any other option for flights to the International Space Station, except on Soyuz.
To support Boeing in the work on the creation of its ships, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States has allocated $180 million. In the same year 2010, the first images of the CST-100 were shown. At that time, it was assumed that the ship would begin flying in 2015.
However, a series of gradual postponements began — first to 2016, then to 2017. The main problem was the lack of funding.
In 2014, Boeing became one of the two winners of the competition within the framework of the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) program for the organization of commercial manned flights to the ISS. At that moment, NASA was actively moving to a new option of working with supplier companies - to purchase not individual ships or missiles, but delivery services as a whole.
Actually, the CCtCap competition was largely created for Boeing. Despite the fact that there were two winners, NASA allocated $4.2 billion to complete the development of the Starliner, and the second finalist, SpaceX's Crew Dragon, got only $2.6 billion.
A year later, the dates of the first flights of the CST-100 were announced. An unmanned 30-day mission (Boe-OFT) was planned for April 2017, and a manned 14-day mission (Boe-CFT) was planned for July of the same year. It was supposed to start flying to the ISS from the end of 2017.
From problem to problem
However, a year later — in 2015 - Boeing had serious difficulties. The company decided to bet (unlike SpaceX) on completely new solutions: a new ship, a new configuration of the Atlas V rocket and a new Centaurus upper stage. Weight problems came out, which required a significant postponement of the date of the first launch.
Now it is clear that the Starliner ship simply turned out to be subject to the general system problems of the Boeing corporation, as well as many other space and aviation projects of recent times.
Actually, the CST-100 itself was not at all some kind of breakthrough in space shipbuilding. Yes, this is a new generation, but it is customary to include ships whose projects are simply being developed in the current century, among them Crew Dragon, and the promising Russian reusable manned spacecraft Eagle, as well as a Chinese ship. The CST-100 has a single-volume scheme (inherited from the Apollo spacecraft), only a slightly enlarged interior space with two portholes (front and side), a two-module architecture (lander and instrument compartment), launch without the usual head fairings for Russian missiles, three pairs of engines are designed for control — two on the sides for maneuvering, two main ones (creating the main thrust) and two additional ones. The only significant innovation is that the landing is not performed habitually for American spaceships on water, but on land, but this is done in Russia and China.
Corruption scandal
NASA and Boeing management tried to solve problems with money. As it later became known from the audit of the CCtCap program, large sums were secretly paid to the corporation several times to speed up the development of the Starliner. First, $287 million was transferred in excess of the contract amount "to prevent a break in NASA astronauts' access to the International Space Station." Needless to say, SpaceX did not receive such money... Then, five seats on Russian Soyuz were bought from Boeing for $ 373 million (the corporation received them as payment when selling its stake in the Sea Launch project).
The corruption scandal came out loud, especially against the background of the unsuccessful first attempt to fly a Starliner in 2019. The launch to the ISS in an unmanned version was carried out on December 20 using an Atlas V launch vehicle with a Russian RD-180 engine on the first stage. The CST-100 successfully separated from the launch vehicle, after which a software failure occurred in the ship's control system, resulting in high fuel consumption. As a result, there was not enough fuel for the flight to the ISS and the mission had to be curtailed ahead of time.
What do they have today
Meanwhile, by the way, SpaceX's Crew Dragon made its first manned flight in the spring of 2020.
Starliner also postponed the deadline for a new test unmanned launch, first to 2021, and then to 2022. Moreover, Boeing criticized the Russian multifunctional laboratory module (MLM) Nauka due to the postponement of the deadline in July 2021. However, it later turned out that it wasn't the MLM at all — it was the valves of the Starliner engine. As a result, the launch took place only on May 19, 2022 — three years later than originally planned. The ship spent four days docked to the ISS and successfully returned back.
However, new problems were identified during the flight, which led to an additional delay in the first manned flight. As a result, it should take place only now.
The launch, originally scheduled for May 6 (7th Moscow time), was postponed to the end of this week due to problems with the pressure control valve in the liquid oxygen tank of the upper stage of the Atlas V rocket. The crew, consisting of two NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore and Sunita Williams, will have to wait for their very long launch again.
In recent years, the Boeing corporation has turned out to have a lot of projects that are shifting and all cannot be completed to the end. We can recall the problems with the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, the fall of Boeing 737 MAX aircraft and the long-term construction in the face of the KC-46 military tanker. More recently, they were joined by the (seemingly long—finished) manned Orion spacecraft - it turned out that its thermal protection has serious defects. Starliner fits neatly into this series — it doesn't seem to be the most difficult project, but technical problems, postponement of deadlines, attempts to resolve issues with additional financing. Among the main reasons for this, experts name problems in the management of the corporation.
In conclusion, it can be stated that NASA has not yet succeeded in trying to create two manned spacecraft at once. Instead of competition and alternate flights, all the work went to SpaceX's Crew Dragon. The CST-100, which was initially the favorite, has already fallen hopelessly behind. If it were not for the brainchild of Elon Musk, despite financial injections, American astronauts would still fly on Russian Soyuz. The Starliner situation is a perfect illustration of the systemic management problems at Boeing Corporation.
